Precision Grinding and Machining

The grinding machine consists of a power driven grinding wheel spinning at the required speed (which is determined by the wheel’s diameter and manufacturer’s rating, usually by a formula) and a bed with a fixture to guide and hold the work-piece. The grinding head can be controlled to travel across a fixed work piece or the workpiece can be moved whilst the grind head stays in a fixed position. Very fine control of the grinding head or tables position is possible using a vernier calibrated hand wheel, or using the features of NC or CNC controls.

Grinding machines remove material from the workpiece by abrasion, which can generate substantial amounts of heat; they therefore incorporate a coolant to cool the workpiece so that it does not overheat and go outside its tolerance. The coolant also benefits the machinist as the heat generated may cause burns in some cases. In very high-precision grinding machines (most cylindrical and surface grinders) the final grinding stages are usually set up so that they remove about 2/10000mm (less than 1/100000 in) per pass - this generates so little heat that even with no coolant, the temperature rise is negligible.

Belt grinder, which is usually used as a machining method to process metals and other materials, with the aid of coated abrasives. Sanding is the machining of wood; grinding is the common name for machining metals. Belt grinding is a versatile process suitable for all kind of applications like finishing, deburring, and stock removal

Bench grinder, which usually has two wheels of different grain sizes for roughing and finishing operations and is secured to a workbench. It is used for shaping tool bits or various tools that need to be made or repaired. Bench grinders are manually operated.

Cylindrical grinder which includes the centerless grinder. A cylindrical grinder may have multiple grinding wheels. The workpiece is rotated and fed past the wheel/s to form a cylinder. It is used to make precision rods.

Surface grinder which includes the wash grinder. A surface grinder has a "head" which is lowered, and the workpiece is moved back and forth past the grinding wheel on a table that has a permanent magnet for use with magnetic stock. Surface grinders can be manually operated or have CNC controls.

Tool and Cutter grinder and the D-bit grinder. These usually can perform the minor function of the drill bit grinder, or other specialist toolroom grinding operations.

Jig grinder, which as the name implies, has a variety of uses when finishing jigs, dies, and fixtures. Its primary function is in the realm of grinding holes and pins. It can also be used for complex surface grinding to finish work started on a mill.

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Precision Grinding and Machining 研削盤

一般的なものは円盤状の砥石を用いるタイプで、ディスクグラインダーという。円筒の内側など用途により特殊な形状の砥石のものもある。加工対象は金属、岩石、あるいは人の歯（歯科治療）など比較的硬質なものであり、木材などをヤスリで削るものはサンダー (sander) という。

なお英語での Grinder は臼など粉を作る道具、製粉機を指し、本項に該当するのは Grinding machine である。

研削盤とは工作機械の一種であり拘束された材料(ワーク)を回転する砥石で研削加工するものである。通常は他の工作機械で大まかな形状を加工した後に用いられる。多くの場合、ワークと砥石は線接触となり回転する砥石に対しワークを相対的に動かすことにより面を創成する。

平面研削盤: 平面を加工するものである。ワークの運動方法により、回転する立て軸回転テーブル形、往復する横軸角テーブル形、通過する両頭形などさまざまな種類があり砥石形状との組み合わせは多岐にわたる。